台湾土石流研究综述

 台湾地狭人稠,平地开发趋于饱和。随着社会经济快速发展,使得山坡地陆续开发,破坏原有之水土保持,且台湾岛之山脉地质大多属沉积岩及变质岩,性质脆弱且易断裂,再加上年平均雨量高达2500mm,其中78%的降雨集中于5—10月的台风季节,因此台湾地区土石流频繁。为了解台湾地区土石流之研究沿革,搜集相关土石流之研究成果,并配合台湾地区重大灾害,分析土石流特性、土石流成分分析、危险评估与重建、抑制工程及现场调查仿真等方面的研究进展。     

Density loss and respiration rates in coarse woody debris of Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus regnans and Eucalyptus maculata

This study compared field and laboratory decomposition rates of coarse woody debris (CWD) (>10 cm diameter) from three tree species: Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus regnans, and Eucalyptus maculata. For this purpose, the density loss of logs on the ground sampled from chronosequences of sites following harvesting was determined using the water replacement technique. P. radiata logs were sampled 1, 2.5, 6, and 9 years following harvesting, and logs of E. regnans and E. maculata were collected from sites that were harvested 1, 3.5, 6.5, and 12 and 1.5, 6.5, and 11.5 years ago, respectively. In addition, the C/N ratio of wood was determined and current respiration rates of logs from these different age classes were measured through laboratory incubation. The times for loss of 95% of material (t_0.95) determined from density loss for these species were 24 years for P. radiata, 43 years for E. regnans, and 62 years for E. maculata. The decomposition rates of CWD derived from laboratory respiration were 6.1, 5.9 and 11.9 times higher than the decay rates from density loss in P. radiata, E. regnans, and E. maculata, respectively. This points to severe constraints of decomposition through adverse conditions in the field. The changes in respiration rates and C/N ratio with age of decaying logs indicated that the single component, negative exponential decay model could be applied satisfactorily only to P. radiata. In the case of the eucalypt species, substrate quality (expressed through respiration rates) declined in the oldest samples. This may be explained by the loss of rapidly decomposing sapwood and the retention of more decay-resistant heartwood. In these cases, a two-component model will be more suitable to describe the density loss of decaying wood.     

青海省玉树州高原暴雨型泥石流形成机制——以称多县拉隆沟泥石流为例

[目的]对青海省玉树州高原暴雨型泥石流形成机制进行研究,旨在为此类泥石流灾害防治及风险减缓提供依据。[方法]以青海省玉树州称多县拉隆沟暴雨型泥石流为例,通过实地调查对其形成因素及形成机制进行研究。[结果]该泥石流主沟道长约3km,流域面积5.25km~2,纵坡比降212‰,高差约600m。物源区发育滑坡方量约为6.50×104 m~3,流域内冲出泥石流物质共约8.5×104 m~3,沟道内物源补给量2.0×104 m~3。[结论]青海省玉树州高原暴雨型泥石流的启动模式可总结为:滑坡—物源形成—固体物质起动—沟道侵蚀—泥石流形成。     

Legacies from natural forest dynamics: Different effects of forest management on wood-inhabiting fungi in pine and spruce forests

The species composition of wood-inhabiting fungi (polypores and corticoids) was investigated on 1138 spruce logs and 992 pine logs in 90 managed and 34 natural or near-natural spruce and pine forests in SE Norway.Altogether, the study included 290 species of wood-inhabiting fungi. Comparisons of logs with similar properties (standardized tree species, decay class, dimension class) in natural and managed forests showed a significant reduction in species number per log in managed spruce forests, but not in managed pine forests. The species number per log in managed spruce forests was 10-55% lower than on logs from natural spruce forests. The reduction was strongest on logs of large dimensions. A comparison of 200-400 spruce logs from natural and managed forests showed a 25% reduction in species richness corresponding to a conservative loss of ca. 40 species on a regional scale.A closer inspection revealed that species confined to medium and very decayed spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests, whereas species on early decay classes and decay generalists were unaffected. Similarly, species preferring large spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests. Forest management had strongest impact on low-frequent species in the spruce forests (more than 50% reduction), whereas common species were modestly affected. Corticoid fungi were more adversely affected than polypore fungi.These results indicate that wood-decaying fungi in pine forests are more adapted to forest disturbances than spruce-associated species. Management measures securing a continuous supply of dead wood are more important in spruce forests than in pine forests.     

森林粗木质残体的贮量和碳库及其影响因素

粗木质残体(CWD)是森林生态系统重要的组成要素,由于定量研究某特定区域CWD的贮量和碳量的工作量相当大,需要长期的研究才能获得可信的数据,因此有关全球森林生态系统CWD的贮量和碳量仍不太清楚.本文根据国内外研究结果综述全球不同森林中CWD的贮量和碳库情况.结果表明:温带针叶林CWD贮量最高(30～200 t·hm-2),而阔叶林最低(8～50 t·hm-2);全球森林CWD碳贮量范围大致为75～114或157 Pg.各森林CWD贮量值变化大,因林龄、CWD分解阶段和人类经营活动(如疏伐、皆伐和控制火烧)而异.今后需更广泛地开展森林CWD调查,以更深刻理解CWD与林分结构、树种特性及干扰的关系.此外,为了更准确地评价CWD在森林生态系统中的生态价值,建议在更大尺度上对全球各类森林的CWD贮量和碳库进行长期的研究.     

Transect relascope sampling for assessing coarse woody debris: The case of a π/2 relascope angle

In transect relascope sampling, a wide‐angle relascope is used along survey lines for selecting a sample of objects that extend linearly in the plane, e.g. downed logs. The method is closely related to line intersect (intercept) sampling. In this article, a special case of the transect relascope technique is studied. Using a π/2 radian relascope angle, the method becomes invariant to the orientation of the line objects in the population. The reason is that the area of inclusion around objects, through which a survey line should pass for an object to be included, turns out to be circular. In analytical studies and Monte Carlo simulations, the cost‐efficiency of transect relascope and line intersect sampling is evaluated. It is found that transect relascope sampling is a competitive alternative to line intersect sampling in inventories of the total volume of coarse woody debris (in the form of downed logs) in forest compartments.     

紫花苜蓿草渣及浆汁发酵研究

为有效利用紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa深加工工业所得的浆汁和草渣,对紫花苜蓿浆汁和草渣的发酵进行了初步研究。研究发现苜蓿浆汁发酵较草渣发酵更容易。适当添加葡萄糖和发酵汁可以促进发酵,但添加葡萄糖质量分数超过2%后,促进作用并不明显,添加浆汁和草渣发酵的葡萄糖的最适宜质量分数分别为1%和2%。适当提高发酵温度可以加速发酵,过高和过低的温度均不利于发酵的顺利进行,研究中最适宜的发酵温度为35℃。在试验所选取的3个不同发育时期(分枝期、开花期和结荚期)的发酵原料中,结荚期苜蓿的发酵效果最好。     

汶川地震灾区泥石流危险性评估——以都江堰—汶川公路为例

公路泥石流危险性评估是震区道路交通防灾减灾和重建规划的重要基础性技术工作之一.选取都江堰—汶川公路沿线28条泥石流沟为研究对象,运用遥感和GIS技术进行数据处理与综合分析,采用灰色关联分析法进行评价因子遴选和权重确定,进行各条泥石流沟危险度计算,完成震区都江堰—汶川公路沿线泥石流危险性评估.结果表明:1)都江堰—汶川公路沿线28条泥石流沟大部分处于高度危险以上、占总数的78.57％,极高危险区占总数的25％;2)饵沟、牛圈沟、磨子沟危险性最大,其次是高店子沟、马埝坪沟和一碗水沟;3)基于灰色关联分析法的多因素评价方法,能较好地确定评价因子及其权重、并计算出泥石流危险度,具有一定实用性.研究结果可为灾区防灾减灾管理、灾后恢复重建和道路交通选线设计提供必要的依据和参考.     

沟道二维泥石流运动和冲淤数值模型研究

以水沙混合流模型为基础,采用混合流沙量动态变化模式,提出泥石流运动控制方程组,建立适用于模拟泥石流在天然沟道中的运动和冲淤过程的二维数值模型.模型基于水动力学理论、水沙两相混合流理论和宾汉体模型理论,考虑了泥石流运动、泥沙输移、沟床变形、泥石流宾汉体流变特性等主要动力学过程.将模型应用于云南东川蒋家沟实测泥石流过程的模拟研究,结果较好地反映了泥石流运动不连续性的特征和泥石流沟道冲淤随时间演变的实际规律.     

Factors influencing recruitment patterns of Golden Perch (Macquaria ambigua oriens) within a hydrologically variable and regulated Australian tropical river system

Abstract – The links between river flows, water temperature, river regulation and recruitment variability of Golden Perch, Macquaria ambigua oriens, were investigated from the Fitzroy Basin, Queensland. The dominant age classes determined by interpreting growth marks observed in otoliths were variable among rivers. Positive correlations between the age frequency and monthly river flow volumes were greatest in summer (December–March) conversely, autumn, winter and spring river flows correlated poorly for most rivers. Water temperature exhibits strong seasonality across the basin with mean monthly temperatures >23 °C generally occurring between October and April. These data indicate the combination of water temperature and increased river flows are important factors for recruitment. The degree of river regulation is also suspected of contributing to increased variability in dominant age classes within rivers. This assessment highlights the importance of timing of river flows in mitigating the negative effects of river regulation on golden perch populations.